Important Facts About Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a long-term skin condition characterised by patches of the skin losing their pigment. This occurs when melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin colour, are destroyed. The resulting white patches can appear anywhere on the body. Despite its prevalence, vitiligo is often misunderstood, surrounded by myths and misconceptions.

Causes of Vitiligo Disease

Vitiligo affects approximately 1% of the global population, regardless of race or gender, however, the exact cause is unknown. Vitiligo causes the loss of pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes in the skin, leading to the development of white patches on various parts of the body. Although not fully understood, vitiligo is believed to involve a combination of genetic, autoimmune and environmental factors. From an autoimmune perspective, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own melanocytes. Genetic predisposition plays a role, as vitiligo often runs in families. Environmental triggers, such as skin trauma, stress or exposure to certain chemicals, may also contribute to the onset or progression of the disease.

Symptoms of Vitiligo

The primary symptoms of vitiligo include the appearance of white patches on the skin. These patches can occur on any part of the body, including the face, hands and feet. The patches are usually symmetrical and may gradually increase in size over time. Some people also experience changes in hair colour, such as premature greying of the scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows or beard. The affected areas of skin are more susceptible to sunburn and other types of skin damage due to the lack of melanin.

Types of Vitiligo

There are several types of vitiligo, including:

Segmental Vitiligo:

This type typically affects only one side or segment of the body and often begins at an early age.

Non-Segmental Vitiligo:

This is the most common type and includes widespread, symmetrical patches on both sides of the body.

Focal Vitiligo:

Characterised by a few, isolated patches in a small area.

Universal Vitiligo:

Involves depigmentation of most of the body.

Understanding the different types of vitiligo can help in tailoring the most effective vitiligo treatment plan.

Facts about Vitiligo

Fact 1: Vitiligo can have a significant psychological impact 

The visible nature of vitiligo can lead to psychological distress, including low self-esteem, anxiety and depression. The social stigma associated with the condition can exacerbate these feelings. It is crucial for individuals with vitiligo to receive psychological support alongside medical treatment to address these issues.

Fact 2: Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition

Research indicates that vitiligo is an autoimmune disease, where the body’s immune system attacks its own cells. In the case of vitiligo, the immune system targets melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its colour. This autoimmune response results in the characteristic white patches of skin.

Fact 3: Genetics play a role

There is evidence to suggest that vitiligo can run in families. Individuals with a family history of vitiligo or other autoimmune diseases may have a higher risk of developing the condition. However, not everyone with a genetic predisposition will develop vitiligo, indicating that environmental factors also play a role.

Fact 4: Sun protection is essential

People with vitiligo need to be diligent about sun protection. The depigmented patches of skin lack melanin, making them more susceptible to sunburn and damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Using broad-spectrum sunscreen, wearing protective clothing and avoiding excessive sun exposure are important precautions.

Fact 5: Treatment options are available

Although there is no cure for vitiligo, various vitiligo disease treatments can help manage the condition. Topical treatments, such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, can help reduce inflammation and potentially restore some pigmentation. Phototherapy, using UV light, can also stimulate melanocytes. In more severe cases, skin grafting and other surgical techniques may be considered. These vitiligo treatment options aim to improve the appearance of the skin and alleviate the psychological burden of the condition.

Common Myths about Vitiligo

Myth 1: Vitiligo is contagious

One of the most pervasive myths about vitiligo is that it is contagious. This is completely false. Vitiligo cannot be passed from one person to another through touch, saliva or any other form of contact. It is a non-communicable disease, much like diabetes or hypertension.

Myth 2: Vitiligo only affects people with dark skin

While vitiligo can be more noticeable on darker skin due to the contrast between the depigmented patches and the surrounding skin, it affects individuals of all skin tones equally. People with lighter skin might not notice the patches as readily, but the condition is equally distributed across all ethnicities.

Myth 3: Vitiligo is caused by poor hygiene

This myth likely stems from a lack of understanding and awareness about the condition. Vitiligo has nothing to do with personal hygiene. It is a medical condition linked to the immune system and possibly genetic factors. Maintaining good hygiene does not prevent or cause vitiligo.

Myth 4: Vitiligo can be cured

Currently, there is no cure for vitiligo. Treatments are available to help manage the condition and they sometimes restore some colour to the affected areas, but they do not cure it. Treatment options include topical corticosteroids, light therapy and, in some cases, surgical procedures. These treatments can help improve the appearance of the skin but do not eliminate the underlying cause of vitiligo.

Myth 5: Vitiligo spreads

The progression of vitiligo varies greatly among individuals. For some, the white skin patches remain static, while for others, they may spread over time. There is no predictable pattern, and the extent of spread can vary widely.

Living with Vitiligo

Living with vitiligo can be challenging, but with the right support and information, individuals can learn to accept the condition and practise self-love. Some strategies for managing the condition include:

• Counselling and support groups.
• Speaking with others who understand the condition, therefore reducing feelings of isolation and providing practical coping strategies.
• Increasing awareness and understanding of vitiligo to help reduce stigma and misconceptions.
• Educating the public about the condition to foster a more supportive and inclusive environment for those affected by vitiligo.
• Various cosmetic products available to help camouflage vitiligo skin patches if desired.

Additionally, maintaining a good skincare routine can help keep the skin healthy and protected. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also support overall well-being and potentially reduce the impact of vitiligo. This includes eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly and managing stress through techniques such as meditation or yoga.

Conclusion

Vitiligo is a complex and often misunderstood condition. Dispelling myths and understanding the facts are essential steps towards fostering a supportive environment for those affected. While there is no cure, various vitiligo treatment options and support mechanisms can help manage the condition and improve quality of life. By raising awareness and promoting understanding, the stigma associated with vitiligo can be addressed and dispelled.

For more information, please contact:

Dr L Varona
Discipline: Dermatologist
Hospital: Maputo Private Hospital
Telephone: +258 84 095 7900 

And

Dr D Motsepe
Discipline: Dermatologist
Hospital: Bokamoso Private Hospital
Telephone: +267 369 4803